For the moment it’s mostly some articles I wrote. I plan on writing about ecology, tech, society, traveling, politics and fiction. If you like hastags, #SolarPunk, #VanLife, #DIY, #dWeb…
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I’m writing in French and English, maybe even in Esperanto one day !
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Most of the articles and general structure of the blog’s source is found in my git server ! Feel free to correct things or propose articles and such !
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Who am I ?
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I’m a student in his twenties. I’m trying to figure out life. If you have any thing to say to me, or would just like to tchat, hit me up at this email !
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Projects and code
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My git server is the main repository of code. Some of it is mirrored from other forges, such as Gitlab or Github.
This projet was made during my studies; the goal was to impliment a Ant Colony path finding program in Java. You can find in on my git : https://git.n07070.xyz/n07070/YAACO
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More links will be added eventually…
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- A case for the importance of multiple identities in the fediverse. · The Octect Press
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A case for the importance of multiple identities in the fediverse.
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That’s quite a long title, but I think the topic is pretty nice, and thus deserves a nice title. That’s how it is, I guess ?
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Anyway, you may ask, what are you talking about ?
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Well, if you don’t know what the fediverse is, it’s… well, it’s complicated. At the origin, it’s a protocol that makes federation between websites possible. As of there, things started getting out of hand when people started making things with it. The W3C doesn’t recommend that !
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It was new ! It was exciting ! The first projects that started using ActivityPub where raising a lot of questions… It’s interesting, because the protocol made a lot of people tag along, and from different horizons that are starting to converge. But let’s discuss protocol politics another time…
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You see, people where wondering how to do things the right way. It’s not the first time, but this new protocol is supposed to bring an end to the GAFAM. By making it possible for two different websites to communicate and exchange information in real-time, there was little reason for a social network, for example, to exist under only one URL.
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It was like email, but for social networks. And much, much more…
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I know, we’re getting sidetracked… I hear you from here saying what’s the link between email and identity ?
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Email is a bit like your id card, but on the web, don’t you find ? You log in with it, not your name.
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And social networks have changed the way we communicate with the world. It’s the book of the 21th century. And, as each book you can write might be different, we, as our own, have multiples identities. I like tech, but I’m also a gardener, and I dabble in politics. When I speak to people about art, my identity is linked to it.
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On the fediverse, we have access to a very large crowd, and small, more personal spaces. As in life.
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Some people have been asking hard questions about identity. Some would like your online ID to be tied to your official identity. I think it’s a really bad ideal.
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If we want our networks to ressemble us, and make it possible for us to express as who we are, then it is important for us to be able to create, delete, update and multiplicate our identities online.
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This article is a small reflexion about federated identities. If you want to talk more about it with me, you can always shoot me an email or message !
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“Dinnertime” by jabberwocky381 is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
Ho ho ho, this month the link stack is short. I didn’t have much time to read, and most importantly I’m finishing my studies for the year, which means I have examens to care about. Pfff… Anyway, I really recommend reading the Chinese Burner article and the Healing power of gardens. I loved thoses articles.
Each year, the great festival of Burning Man takes place in the desert, in the so-called USA. Each year, people from all around the worl come to celebrate a lifestyle of freedom, drugs, sex and new or alternative ways of thinking. Also, they burn stuff. And recently, chineses people have started to come to Burning man. For most of them, they work in startups and are rich. This article is a tale of the clash of cultures and how the OG burners and the Chineses newbies lived together. Also, the picture of the chineses tents seem to come straight out of a sci-fi story.
We’re not gonna solve the problems of tech with more tech. And, each tech we add to our lives has consequences that we don’t see right away. But already today, we are starting to ask ourselves why some people feel so lonely in front of a portal to the whole world. This article does a comparison between the heroïne crisis and the tech influcence in our life.
When you wonder through a garden, you feel the daily stress fade away. Your mind opens to more peaceful thoughts, and for some people it even has a direct consequence on there well-being. This article is written by a doctor who helps neuroatypical people, and they talk about the way gardens heal, some time more than medication, people with neurological problems.
I’ve never seen WPA3 in the wild, but even before that, it’s already borked ! What a nice time to live. I hope the people working in infosec have good hearts. In practice, it won’t really have an effect on your router, cause theses attacks are non-trivial and can be patched.
When you’re 5 years old, does having an instagram acccount, that makes your parents millions, is work ?
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Les Liens cool du mois d’avril
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Ce mois-ci, beaucoup d’analyse politique de l’actualité. En même temps, vu le climat politique en France en ce moment, c’est normal on va dire. Quelques liens aussi sur la technologie, et notamment une nouvelle qui est passée presque inapercue, à propos des écrans de pub dans le métro. Y’a pas grand choses, mais les partiels m’appellent.
Vous savez, cette nouvelle économie dite ‘circulaire’ qui serait censé réduire la consommation tout en permettant d’être plus respectueux de la nature, etc… hé bah c’est pas ouf en vrai. Déjà, Uber, à la base c’était partager sa caisse et arrondir ses fins de mois. Vinted, à la base, c’était vider ses placards. En vrai, c’est plutot permettre aux accro à la consommation de vêtement de revendre leurs achats. Pareil avec Too Good To Go, à la base c’est manger ce que les restaurant ont pas vendu ( même si ça devrait être gratuit ! ), mais maintenant c’est plus une promo éternelle dans les restaurant etc..
After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Cuban couldn’t even have an industrial agriculture. So, after a special periode, out of necessity, most of the food is now grown on a small scale. Havana grows 90% of it’s own food.
This shit is so fucked up on so many levels. It’s the perfect cyber-dystopian control system. It’s been like that for years, and even considering cutural differences that might make it hard for me to understand the more complexe social aspects, as one woman said in the article : it’s bullshit.
“The me-too movement is an all-too-necessary crusade to expose the hidden prevalence of sexual assault and the men, particularly those in positions of authority, who abuse and intimidate non-consenting women.
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Unfortunately public discourse has not advanced far beyond revelations of celebrity offenders and surface-level slogans as opposed to a constructive conversation about root causes, the complexities of consent, and a culture that seems to condone male sexual violence. The occasional public shaming might be cathartic but it is only a first step towards a solution. And in an environment with zero tolerance for dissent, men feel alienated from the conversation and so destructive male attitudes retreat to silence instead of being challenged.”
“To most people, what you learn during a CS degree doesn’t help much in your day to day job. That being said, you sometimes run in a problem which could have been an example used by a CS professor when introducing some core notions. This is one such instance, in regard to data structures.”
“A Rust CLI that provides a variety of ways to check the “health” of a given KeePass database, including checking passwords against the Have I Been Pwned password list.”
“I was so used to seeing death that I didn’t know how it’d feel to see something grow,” Trent said. “To see plants grow full of life, from something I control, it’s probably the best feeling in the world.”
Warning : this article talks a lot about mental trauma, death, traumatic behiavor, and more horrible things you might experience while browsing the internet.
“I wanted to share some things that I learned from growing native plants in my yard. This will be about what I learned about nature and some discoveries about how we might rethink the idea of the suburban yard from an alternate land management perspective.”
“[···] la journaliste d’un quotidien proche du patronat, L’Opinion, révèle sur un plateau de télévision à quel point la bourrasque a soufflé fort : « Tous les grands groupes vont distribuer des primes, parce qu’ils ont vraiment eu peur à un moment d’avoir leurs têtes sur des piques. Ah oui, les grandes entreprises, quand il y avait le samedi terrible, là, avec toutes les dégradations, ils avaient appelé le patron du Medef [Mouvement des entreprises de France], Geoffroy Roux de Bézieux, en lui disant : “Tu lâches tout ! Tu lâches tout, parce que sinon…” Ils se sentaient menacés, physiquement. »”
Le saviez-vous ? Les grues cendrées migrent en automne et au printemps, et traversent de fait la France en ce moment. La LPO observe ces déplacements et les cartographies, pour que vous sachiez quand lever le nez et être alerte pour les protéger si elles passent dans nos régions.
Finding and sharing links is what made the success of the internet. But recently, I’ve been finding it harder to find such links, and as I am not on most social media, sharing it is even harder. When you spend your time scrolling a timeline or another, you won’t see most of what your friends are sharing. I’ll try to make a post like this one at the end of each month with the cool links I found on the internet. They might be article, projects I want to share and more. I you have any cool links to share, feel free to send them over to me via email or Mastodon
Prismo is a soon federated link-sharing plateform. It works very much like HackerNews or JournalDuHacker, but can exchange links with otherplateform. Think a federated reddit, maybe ?
Work is everywhere, but it’s not supposed to be like that. They are other ways to see our lives in this world, even if it means changing a few things in our society. A lot of questions are raised : does post work mean less money ? Less luxury ? Or more ? Do we even know how to live without work ? The article is quite long, but goes in depth with a lot of references.
More and more women are using apps to track there health data, and menstruation. But theses apps are also using this data to present ads, or sell products. What consequences does it have ? How do women think of it ?
“Assuming that one car has a surface area of about 5 square meter there are circa 35 square kilometre of sheet metal driving around. That’s enough to cover the entire inner city of Stuttgart or half of Hollywood or 3.500 football fields in metal. Imagine this area would be covered by green space!”
“So I cast off my 2018 temperature blanket on Jan 1st and I am so pleased with how it turned out. I knit one garter stitch row every day for 365 days based on the daily high temp for my city. It was a very rewarding project.”
Comment les familles modestes utilisent-elles internet ? Comment sont-elles équipées ? Quel culture ont-elle vis-à-vis de cet outil ? Une analyse sociologique qui apporte un petit éclairage sur la façon dont l’usage d’internet change en fonction de la classe sociale.
Do you know how barcodes, thoses that we see everyday, work ? Did you know that you could hop on a plane thanks to a inkjet printer and a bit of time ? This video of DEFCON16 is a great introduction to security and how fucked up it is in our world.
The K-pop culture started in the 90s, with TV, well after western Pop. It was also born in the korean context, where liberalism and opposition to communism lead by a dictatorship shaped it’s futur. But, soon after, it transformed into much more than just a music genre. It’s now a manufactured culture for a whole country.
I’ve wanted to go live on the road for quite some time now, but I’m reading more and more articles about people living on the road not by choice, but by obligation. More and more people in the US live in vans, by it in California where living is too costly, or across the country. Some of theses people found a very odd job : buy stuff in superstores, and selling it for a profit on Amazon. Live in your van, and Bezos might reward you if you find the right stuff.
Decentralized networks are resistant to censorship, but that also means that when nazis come along, they are also immune… Or are they ? If the community resists them, they might not be censord, just isolated. Is that enough ?
En catalogne, ne payer d’impôt, c’est pas seulement un truc des grosses entreprises capitalistes. C’est aussi ce qui permet, entre autres, à la coopérative intégrale de préparer, selon elle, la révolution.
Android devices have a filesystem encryption, which means that it’s possible for you to access parts of the filesystem. It also relies on the devs getting the encryption right, as the apps have to do there own cryptographic configuration. What could go wrong ?
Google provides a tool to test how accessible websites are. But it’s far from perfect, and with a few tricks, you can get a perfect score while making the website totally unusable.
C’est ce qu’a découvert l’Union Africaine. En analysant les logs de ses serveurs, des ingénieurs africains ont découvert que l’intégralité des données étaient téléversé vers un serveur à Shangaï. Et un gros merci à la Chine d’avoir construit le siège de l’UA. Ils ont aussi découvert que le bâtiment était truffé de micros… Source
“La guerre d’Espagne vue à travers l’histoire d’un militant antifranquiste que sa petite-fille enterre à Liverpool. Ken Loach s’empare avec brio d’une révolution sans frontières, peu contée au cinéma, entre espoirs et désillusions.”
This month had it’s share of problems : my two computers broke down a few days apart, and because I forgot to backup my writings, I’ve lost most of the links I saved for the past days. Thankfully, I have a lot more in reserve, so this month will be light, and more links will be published next month. There is, as always, a fair shaire of links about tech. I’ve shared a few links that helped me fix my problems, and some political articles I read and find interesting, but it doesn’t mean I agree a 100% with what’s written there. Have a good read !
As I said in introduction, my computers broke down. On my laptop, I had been using Ubuntu for the past 4 years, with virtually no problems, until my SSD failed.. I installed a new SSD, and decided it was time to move to something new, and installed Manjaro Linux. One of the things I was worried about was learning the Pacman package manager. I had read about people breaking theire system with updates. Thankfully, the archlinux wiki is a gold mine, and has a page where all the usual apt commands and translated to pacman commands ! Nice !
Why does Wordpress have a security flaw every other month ? Why do we use so much energy to power the internet ? Is there another way ?
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Well, yes ! And this website is part of it : it’s a static website. Changes only happen when a new post is published. Otherwise, it’s just a bunch of HTML files hosted by a very small computer.
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The linked article explores briefly the history of publishing on the internet and gives a overlook of how things are changing to old, proved and efficient tech.
When you’re nostalgic of the old video games you played as a kid, sometimes the only solution is to build one yourself. That’s what Sérgio Vieira did, build the sound system, the logic, the motherboard and even writing a full game for the console ! The article is rich in details, with links to help you make your own !
“The neighborhood is a historic and contemporary site of the assertion of white racial and economic domination, particularly over Black people. Although there is strong evidence that whites continue to prefer racially segregated neighborhoods, fifty years of fair housing jurisprudence has made it more difficult to openly bar non-white residents. Among the many strategies used to protect white domination of residential space is the coordinated surveillance and policing of non-white people. In this paper, I show how Nextdoor, a neighborhood-based social network, has become an important platform for the surveillance and policing of race in residential space, enabling the creation of what I call digitally gated communities.”
AI doesn’t mean anything without the work of people who train it. And most of the time, that work is boring, badly paid and done by people who live in very though conditions. Talk about a revolution…
Done by a small group of enthousiasts, the Thinkpad X210 is modular, powerfull and durable. “Linux worked out of the box.”, “Battery life has increased significantly. I now get 6 hours with the flush battery and 10 hours with the extended battery.”, “The fan only turns on if I’m doing something intensive like compiling go or scrolling in Slack.”.
If it’s free, you’re the product : it’s true for emails too. But, even by paying for your emails, you have little control over what happens to them. One solution to that is self-hosting, I’ll write about that one day.
Make firefox respect your privacy. Lately, Mozilla has been integrating more and more services in the browser, even tho it might not be what you’re looking for in a browser. Keeping it simple is becoming hard, but this project’s aim is to make it easy.
Ce mois-ci, beaucoup d’analyse politique de l’actualité. En même temps, vu le climat politique en France en ce moment, c’est normal on va dire. Quelques liens aussi sur la technologie, et notamment une nouvelle qui est passée presque inapercue, à propos des écrans de pub dans le métro.
Un petit outil qui permet d’avoir une idée précise de la présence d’AirBnB dans votre ville, grâce à la récolte des données sur leur site web de façon automatisée. Vous pouvez ensuite les trier, les classer, etc…
On se doute que les états font rarement des excuses quand il s’agit de tuer des citoyens révoltés, mais le fait que ça soit inscrit dans la loi, qui leur donne un semblant de légitimité, est troublant.
Un institue à publié ce rapport qui traite du lien entre la transition écologique et la transition numérique au sein de la société. Mention spécial aux CHATONS, à la FDN et aux solutions low-tech
« Compte tenu du coût additionnel de la technologie, le coût de la voiture devient tel que celui qui peut se la payer n’est de toutes les façons pas derrière le volant, mais plutôt sur la banquette arrière… »
Dans le métro, à Paris, tout vos trajets sont maintenant traqué par les écrans de pub. N’oubliez pas de désactiver le wifi et le bluetooth avant de prendre le métro. Vous pouvez vous enlever des listes avec un marteau et un peu d’essence, ou en (suivant ce lien)[https://retency.com/stats/manual_optout.html]
Après un samedi de manifestations et de violences, des syndicats appellent à de nouvelles mobilisations pour le pouvoir d’achat, mardi 19 mars. Emmanuel Macron, qui avait repris pied grâce au grand débat, semble à nouveau subir les événements.
“Vous ne voyez pas le rapport ? Eh bien eux, si. La petite association allemande qui anime le projet Permaculture Commons a de modestes ambitions : changer le monde.”
Some people might argue that degrowth, in the economic sens, is utopian. That word is being used as a synomim to “impossible”. But, if you look at a definition of the word utopian, it might also mean “what has not been done, yet.”. And that’s a good thing : it means that we don’t know if it will fail or succed. But what we know for sure, is that growth is failling us. So, it’s utopian, and it’s a good thing.
“The reason for all this data is that at least one in five U.S. auto insurance policies now offers a potential discount if the customer consents to a vehicle monitor. "
Pubcast is an open-source, experimental replacement for RSS built on ActivityPub. The nice thing about it, it’s that it’s federated ! Which means you can boost some podcast you liked and share it with your friends. Also, it’s a two-way protocol, so feel free to like it !
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Now, it’s still very early and I don’t see the difference between pubcast and a standar Pleroma or Mastodon account but I guess it’s underway and we’ll see soon enough.
A work in progress project that aims to federate forges, aka git repos. It would be greate to be able to have an account on one git repo and star, comment, open issues on any other forge that’s part of the federation. The end of github’s dominance maybe ?
Even if it’s very wrong, video facial recognition is still being used. When the algorithms are secret, but the results grant authority to institutions, you end up being locked up even if you’re innoncent, because a camera thought you where somewhere you where not.
The most intesresting part of this article is the game they talk about at in the first part of the article. It makes you realise the extent of the data they collected, and the power they have thanks to it.
If you ever wanted to make your own radio station, it’s now easier than ever ! You just need a Raspberry Pi and this repo. You can even display the name of the music currently playing on the radio players, like the big stations.
“An especially problematic excision of the political is the marginalization within the cryptographic community of the secure-messaging problem, an instance of which was the problem addressed by David Chaum. Secure-messaging is the most fundamental privacy problem in cryptography: how can parties communicate in such a way that nobody knows who said what. More than a decade after the problem was introduced, Rackoff and Simon would comment on the near-absence of attention being paid to the it.” (Phillip Rogaway, The Moral Character of Cryptographic Work)
Le mythe premier de facebook, c’est que tout le monde est dessus, et le deuxième mythe c’est que tout le monde est joignable sur facebook. Or, quand on confit ses moyens de communications à une entreprise privée qui ne répond devant rien ni personne, on peut se retrouver avec quelques soucis, dont on se rend compte des années après…
Dans quelques années, on se rendra compte à quel point le régime français est autoritaire et coule doucement vers un régime dictatorial avec une couche de peinture démocratique.
Tout ce que l’on produit peut et va être commodifié par le capitalisme. Le soucis, c’est que notre vie doit pouvoir rester privé pour que l’on ne soit pas forcé ou influencé dans nos décisions sans notre consentement. Mais quand l’économie glisse progressivement vers une surveillance tout azimut, comment est-ce encore possible ? Et quels sont les implications politiques d’une telle évolution ?
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- Les liens nouveaux du mois de septembre. · The Octect Press
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Les liens nouveaux du mois de septembre.
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Ce mois-ci, c’est la rentrée. Et avec la rentrée, quelques changements sont à l’ordre du jour… Déjà, ce blog sera plus personnel, disons que c’est le journal que j’aimerai écrire. J’écris pour mes amis, pour mon futur moi, et le bot moyen.
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Déjà, je me suis bien rendu compte que ça servait pas à grand chose de tenir un blog et d’essayer de faire de ce blog un réseau social. Si je veux participer à la construction d’un internet un peu plus chouette, c’est pas solo que je vais faire une grande différence, même si j’ai toujours dans l’idée de le connecter à DAT, de le faire tourner sur un ensemble de panneaux solaires, et de lui donner une adresse en .onion.
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Ensuite, je pense que je vais arrêter de vouloir poster régulièrement. Si tu veux suivre ce qu’il se passe dans ce coin de l’internet, mais que t’a pas envie de revenir souvent, et qu’en plus y’a rien, je te conseille de t’intéresser à RSS ! Encore une chose à régler : mettre tout le contenu de chacun des articles dans le flux RSS.
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Tout ça pour dire que c’est loin d’être mort. Je vais quand même finir l’année des Cool-links, mais vu que j’ai un entourage plus francophone, je vais essayer de mettre en avant les contenus francophones. On y va :
Les gens de chez Greenpeace ont fait un tableau sympa qui peut aider à savoir quoi acheter, et quand. À joindre à ce calendrier est celui des semis et de quoi faire pousser quand. D’ailleurs, conseil : les appartements c’est des serres formidables si on a un peu de place et de lumière.
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- Articles - The Octect Press
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/
- Recent content in Articles on The Octect Press - Thanks for using RSS !
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- Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:00:01 +0100
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- Mesh Networks are the People's Internet in Cuba
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/mesh-networks-peoples-internet-in-cuba/
- Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:00:01 +0100
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/mesh-networks-peoples-internet-in-cuba/
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- Des nouvelles de l'interop
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/interop-revue-de-press/
- Tue, 26 Jan 2021 00:00:01 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/interop-revue-de-press/
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- Les liens nouveaux du mois de septembre.
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/september/
- Tue, 01 Sep 2020 13:37:42 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/september/
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- Cool links of July
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/july/
- Thu, 30 Jul 2020 13:37:42 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/july/
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- A case for the importance of multiple identities in the fediverse.
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/a-case-for-the-importance-of-multiples-identites/
- Mon, 01 Jul 2019 00:00:01 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/a-case-for-the-importance-of-multiples-identites/
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- Cool links of June
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/june/
- Sun, 30 Jun 2019 13:37:42 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/june/
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- Cool links of May
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/may/
- Mon, 03 Jun 2019 13:37:42 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/may/
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- Cool links of April
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/april/
- Fri, 03 May 2019 13:37:42 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/april/
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- Cool links of March
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/march/
- Tue, 02 Apr 2019 13:37:42 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/march/
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- D'abord la pratique, et ensuite la théorie : Les leçons de la Petite École Zapatiste, après 20 ans d'existance.
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/zapatista-oventik-petite-ecole/
- Mon, 11 Mar 2019 20:00:00 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/zapatista-oventik-petite-ecole/
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- Des nouvelles de l'interop · The Octect Press
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Des nouvelles de l'interop
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En attendant que la revue de press reprenne du galon, je vous partage quelques articles et liens sur l’interop que j’ai récolté à travers les internets ces derniers temps…
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Bonne lecture !
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Designing decentralized moderation
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In decentralized social networks, communities can set their own moderation policies, but what tools are available for enforcement? There is no central authority to make network-wide moderation decisions. Instead, content is filtered through an interplay of interfaces, algorithms, social consensus, and protocol constraints. This post looks at technical approaches to decentralized moderation, and points out areas that could use more experimentation and research.
Qu’est-ce qu’un média social éthique (n’est pas) ? Une critique radicale de Mastodon et d’ActivityPub
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Je pense que la sociabilité assistée est une composante fondamentale de nos vies : cette « assistance » peut être une boisson, de la musique, ou un jeu de société…
-Et je pense sincèrement que sur le web on ne parle pas assez de jeux de société de manière générale. De même, une activité telle que le montage d’un feu de camp assiste la sociabilité en fournissant un contexte. Dire finalement que la sociabilité est assistée n’apprend rien à personne. Cependant, l’internet a d’abord été conçu, et reste l’un des outils principaux (avec le téléphone et le courrier) pour les interactions à distance.
-Ce qui caractérise la manière dont l’internet assiste la sociabilité, c’est …
Our experience with the Fediverse, and why we left
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The “Fediverse” is a loose aggregation of federated servers that mainly speak the ActivityPub protocol. One of the most famous services in the Fediverse is “Mastodon.” We joined the Fediverse in the early days of Mastodon to share short-lived information that …
Protocols, Not Platforms: A Technological Approach to Free Speech
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After a decade or so of the general sentiment being in favor of the internet and social media as a way to enable more speech and improve the marketplace of ideas, in the last few years the view has shifted dramatically—now it seems that almost no one is happy. Some feel that these platforms have become cesspools of trolling, bigotry, and hatred. 1. Zachary Laub, Hate Speech on Social Media: Global Comparisons, Council on Foreign Rel. (Jun. 7, 2019), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/hate-speech-social-media-global-comparisons. Meanwhile, …
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Mesh Networks are the People's Internet in Cuba
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I’ve often heard about how Cuba has an Internet access that’s slow, costly, and strictly censored. And while it seems to be true that it’s slow and costly, it doesn’t seem to be censured in the strict sense. But every connection you make to the network is strongly tied to your identity. You could argue that it’s kind of the same in much of Europe in that regard. Connection to the Internet has also been difficult because of the embargo imposed by the US.
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But, in the past few days, I’ve started to learn about another network, much easier to access, faster, nearly free ( I’ll come back to it ), and doesn’t seem to have censorship in place. Best of all ? It’s run as a mesh, operated by volunteers in La Havana. Similar but smaller networks are said to exist in other Cuban cities and provinces. Meet SNET, for Street Net.
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It all started with a toot by @peron@mastodon.sdf.org talking about the software that hackers in Cuba are putting together. I started to read about their stories, and got interested in how they get access to software, share it and build it together. I heard about a homegrown DIY Internet, and went down the rabbit hole. Here’s the story of a diverse people, fed up by the former way of connecting, deciding to build their own network.
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Hacking scene
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A little word on what we are talking about, when we speak about Cuba’s hacking scene. As you may know, Cuba has had a rough existence because of the colonization by foreign countries, namely the USA. During the “Special Period”, Cubans where forced to make do with what was at hand, and in nearly every aspect of life. When you think about Cuba, you might think of the old american cars, shining in the sun as if they just came out of a factory. Well, in some way, they did, and they are the most visible evidence of the hacking power cuban people have.
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I say power, because it is knowledge, plus action. The knowledge comes from education ( 99%+ people know how to read in Cuba, and it has a very efficient education system ) and necessity. Action is simply necessary to live, as there are no repair contracts for equipement bought overseas. Now, all of this accumulated power has translated itself into what Ernesto Oroza calls Technological Disobedience.
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So, Peron, as I will call them, told me about how it was in Cuba ;
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“Their hackers form a thriving community, located in all their clubs and universities. They have lots of female hackers there too. They are very competent programmers. […] They use Linux, Debian, BSD but even OpenVMS (I learned that there). But those are the official clibs. As their main problem is the lack of internet connections and speed, they build inter-home hobbist citywide LANs. They play games and share contents. They like to be provided with pirated TV programs, serials, and cartoons for the kids, and they share them using the makeshift networks.
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“They like to emulate everything on ARM Raspberry Pi and PC. The computer hacker girls teach that to the little kids! I was amazed as they write poems, a 10yo text adventures in spanish, all using the terminal editor on an emulated VMS using LSE (an EMACs like text editor). For the little girls it was noisy fun.”
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“The little girls were told those were the computers the old folks used to have many years ago, but still you could simulate them on the tiny raspberry pi, and that is the computer their generation have. So they compare the size of a fridge (like a server) and the raspberry or a cellphone). And they girls asked if you could send love letters and poems with a VMS. So they proposed to do so. I was blasted.”
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“The jovenclubs seemed to be a great of fun for them. Since I provided them with a HDD with cartoons, I was like a hero for them.
-At the time it was hard to get entertainment in Cuba, and you cannot watch youtube. But they can share the cartoons via the makeshift LAN. All the small towns become criss-crossed with UTP LAN cables. They share everything and play Linux games. TuxKart and 0AD were they favorites, and also some local developments. There was one similar to SIMS made in Cuba.”
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You can have a glimpse of what Cubans are bulding at ..Github, sadly.
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How it works
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Born in 2001, The SNET has, in the past years, seen many evolutions. At first, it was mostly dumb switches connecting PCs to each other in a big LAN, but over several houses and neighborhood. A sort of Wide-Local Arena Network. Ethernet cables running from one house to another is not uncommon. And, as is the case when you run cables everywhere in the city without the cooperation of the municipality, it can get complicated. Cables are expensive to run, and in Cuba, where getting your hands on tech is a hassle, getting loads of CAT5e cable isn’t easy to start with. Regardless, that technique is still being used today.
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Now, where it gets interesting, is with the addition of mesh networking via Wi-Fi. Some nodes have set up antennas to which small access point routers are connected. A lot more people have gained access thanks to the ease of connecting.
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Technically, they seem to be using M2 and M5 NanoStations from Ubiquity, switches running under beds, glue, nails, plastics bag and old routers. Mostly what you would see everywhere else in the world, but imported at high cost. Building your Gaming PC also means building the network.
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To this day, reports have indicated that there might be between 40 000 and 90 000 people using this network.
His account seems to be mostly gaming videos, so it might check out !
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How it’s organized
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The SNET is composed of Nodulas, interconnected to each other. Each Node has its admins, that are responsible for part of the network, be it moderation or administration.
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The community as a whole has governance principles in place. It is completely free of charge, if you can afford it. Meaning that you need to provide your own gear. It does not provide Internet services or connection to the wider Internet, TV channels, pornography or anything else considered to be illegal, and you cannot use obscene language.
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These rules seem to be in place as part of a informal deal with the Cuban government to avoid being repressed out of existence.
It does offer more than just game, with a mirror of Wikipedia, VoIP servers, and social networks being hosted.
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Even if, as said before, it’s not easy to get access to SNET because of the lack of equipment, it’s a tremendous feat to build such network ! Even the Associated Press is impressed
And, it doesn’t have some of the downfalls of bigger internet services, as Youtube user Ram said in 2019:
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I’m Cuban (from a different city) and this is all true. I used to play WoW with homemade antenas and usb-wifi. It was really a great thing, because since the community on the servers is so small, you can actually get to meet them in person and have a lot of fun. So it had the benefits of gaming without all the social struggles it can bring. We also had a social-network called “the social” with no more than 100 active users, where, once again, you felt more safe and warm than when you use facebook.
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Dr. Michaelanne Thomas Dye has made very detailled in-depth research on the Cuban SNET you can read for free in here paper, “If it Rains, Ask Grandma to Disconnect the Nano: Maintenance & Care in Havana’s StreetNet”, written by Michaelanne Dye with David Nemer, Neha Kumar & Amy Bruckman.
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Governement repression and control
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As of June 29th, 2019 , the government of Cuba has declared new regulations for networks aiming to regulate the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz bands. Although it lifts some regulations on importing network equipment, which was happening regardless, it seems to be making SNET, that was tolerated until now, effectively illegal. It’s users protested, holding demonstrations and publishing a video online (youtube link), explaining their protest.
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The team released this Saturday a statement in which it expresses its position on the new rules governing private data networks and high-speed systems.
-On the positive side, they appreciate that it is “optimizing the use of the radio spectrum and generating a legal framework” to connect to the wifi zones of the Cuban Telecommunications Company (Etecsa), in addition to allowing the importation of equipment that was so far banned.
-SNet administrators propose to the authorities the creation of “a special license” so that the network, as it exists today, can connect to Etecsa services and continue to benefit its users, they fear a closure of this initiative and the increased connection without its mediation.
-For those who do not have economic resources, connecting to the internet by paying 1 CUC the time of navigation in the official wifi zones or buying a data package for access from the mobile can in practice be disconnected.
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Wikipedia states that “The negotiations have ended with a decision to transfer SNET’s services and content to ETECSA, Cuba’s government-monopoly ISP, and to provide access through Cuba’s nationwide chain of 611 Youth Computer Clubs (YCCs).”
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As to the motivation of the government behind this closure, they are yet to be explained. The obvious explanation is cracking down on dissent and controlling information, as every state seeks to do, to reinforce it’s power. It might also be linked to the agreement with Google. Before installing monopolistic powers, allied to the state, you need to destroy any mean of resistance and self-determination. Keeping control over the network has been of upmost importance, also from a geopolitical point of view; let’s not forget about that time the US attacked Cuba using social networks and foreign aid.
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On March 5, 2020, the Joven Club (a young people’s computer club affiliated to the Youth Communist Party), stated that:
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The Youth Club in Pinar del Río facilitate the management of the radio spectrum and favor the process of computerization of Cuban society. Private network administrators can connect and receive services from this entity through wireless connections.
-_- translated from here via https://translate.fedilab.app/_
Around the world, people are setting up mesh networks. In Detroit, for example, people are prevented from accessing high-speed Internet because of a lack of funding, infrastructure or suppliers. The poverty of some neighborhoods also means that people just can’t afford Internet.
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And it’s in these moments, where traditionnal providers fail, that the successful establishment of a Internet mesh network happens, thanks to the great work of Detroit Digital Justice Coalition, and involvement of many in the community. This article is a great accounts of efforts happening around the USA, and talks in length about disaster recovery and the importance autonomous networks play in it.
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In New York, the NYC.mesh project seems to be going great, setting up a mixed mesh topology, with omnidirectional antennas. They have a very impressive map you can look at to see how the network is organized. In Catalonia, the Guifi ISP connects 30 000 nodes ! And in France, a speaker at Battlemesh gave a great talk about how it’s going on..
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The future might be meshed! :)
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Read more
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A few links I didn’t know where to put, but could be useful :
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/
- Recent content in Articles on The Octect Press - Thanks for using RSS !
- A special machine that prints octects into text
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- Fri, 02 Apr 2021 14:00:01 +0100
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- Cool links of Febuary
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/febuary/
- Thu, 28 Feb 2019 08:25:20 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/febuary/
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- Cool links of January
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/january/
- Mon, 28 Jan 2019 08:25:20 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/cool-links/january/
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- Un Mastodon dans le cyber-espace
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/un-mastodon-dans-le-cyber-espace/
- Wed, 02 Jan 2019 21:00:00 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/un-mastodon-dans-le-cyber-espace/
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- Hello World
- https://n07070.xyz/articles/hello-world/
- Wed, 02 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000
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- https://n07070.xyz/articles/hello-world/
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- Un Mastodon dans le cyber-espace · The Octect Press
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Un Mastodon dans le cyber-espace
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On ne présente plus Twitter. Le réseau social compte désormais plusieurs millions d’utilisateurs, mais, récemment, de nombreuses critiques lui ont été adressé. D’une part, l’introduction d’un algorithme qui affiche les tweet sans tenir compte de l’ordre chronologique a confu des utilisateurices et enervé beaucoup de monde. D’autre part, étant une entreprise privée, Twitter Inc. est forcé de faire de plus en plus d’argent grâce à un service qui est gratuit, et utilise donc la publicité, qui devient de plus en plus invasive.
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Et comme si ce n’était pas assez, dernièrement, le CEO, @jack, à été vivement critiqué pour avoir refusé de bannir un Youtuber complotiste et proche des mouvences fascistes américaines car selon lui, “Il n’avait brisé aucune règle.”, même s’il s’est fait connaître en harcelant des victimes de terrorisme. Harcèlement qui est devenu un problème majeur pour beaucoup sur Twitter et ce, plus encore pour des femmes, des minorités et des personnalités LGBT.
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Face à ces soucis, des alternatives ont été crées au fur et à mesure des années, comme Dispora* ou HubZilla, mais n’ont pas réussit à convaincre les twittos en dehors des milieux libristes, malgré leurs nombreux atous. Toutefois, récemment, un petit nouveau fait parler de lui : Mastodon.
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Annoncé le 31 mars 2017, il allie une interface simple avec des fonctionnalitées qui manquaient cruellement à Twitter, et compte désormais 2 milions d’utilisateurices, voir plus.
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Basé sur le principe du microblogging, il est cependant différent de son homologue en de nombreux points. Tout d’abord, ne dite pas tweet mais toot. On ne toot pas en 280 caractères mais en 500, ce qui permet des conversations bien plus intéressantes. Autre différence majeur, il existe 3 “flux” différents. Comme sur le site à l’oiseau bleue, on voit les toots des personnes que l’on suit, mais il existe également deux autres flux : le flux locale et le flux fédéré. Pour comprendre leurs intérêt il faut capter comment Mastodon fonctionne.
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Il faut déjà savoir que Mastodon n’est géré par une entreprise. C’est un réseau social basé sur un logiciel libre et gratuit, que tout le monde peut utiliser ou modifier. Ainsi, chacun·ne peut installer son propre serveur Mastodon, appelé une instance. Il n’existe pas d’entreprise derrière le logiciel, donc le développement est à 100% financé participativement par ses utilisateurices. Pas de pub donc, pas de profilage, pas d’espionnage.
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Ainsi, chaque instance sera modéré à sa manière et donc chaque instance aura sa propose communauté. Mais ce qui est le plus important, c’est que chaque instance peut se connecter aux autres et n’est donc pas isolée ! Un peu comme l’email, ou machin@rocketmail.com pourra parler à truc@club-internet.fr, sur Mastodon, @eugen@mastodon.social pourra parler à @mcmoots@sunbeam.city.
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On retrouvera donc, sur le flux fédéré tout les toots des utilisateurices dont les instances sont connectés à la vôtre, et sur le flux local les toots des utilisateurices de votre instance uniquement.
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On est libre de choisir son instance, et il n’y a pas besoin de savoir gérer un serveur pour ça : de nombreuses instances sont ouvertes au publique ! Je vous conseille de commencer par une instance générale, comme mamot.fr ou todon.nl.
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Mastodon fait lui-même parti d’un réseau plus large, le Fediverse, connecté grâce au protocol ActivityPub, qui regroupe des alternatives à Instagram ou Youtube, comme Pixelfed ou PeerTube. On peut tout à fait suivre un compte sur une instance Pixelfed avec son compte Mastodon par exemple. Ou commenter une vidéo Peertube depuis son compte Pleroma ( un autre réseau de microblogging ).
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Eugen Rochko, le développeur principal de Mastodon, indique avoir appris des erreurs de Twitter, et a donc introduit des fonctionnalités qui manquaient, comme pouvoir editer un toot, le marquer comme sensible, ajouteur un avertissement de contenue ( Content Warning ), ou encore filtrer de manière plus efficace les comptes que l’on ne souhaite pas voir.
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Il existe également une plétor d’applications pour Mastodon, comme Tusky pour Android ou Amaroq pour iOS, à l’heure ou Twitter essaye de se débarasser des applications tierces.
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Mastodon est loin d’avoir la taille de Twitter, mais c’est justement ce qui fait son charme. Si Twitter est cette grande place publique où tout le monde gueule le plus fort possible, Mastodon est un ensemble de petits squares reliés par des ruelles avec des cafés, où l’on passe du bon temps avec ses ami·es.
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Vous pouvez dès aujourd’hui essayer Mastodon en choissisant votre instance sur JoinMastodon.org !
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Mots clé : #Mastodon #Decentralisation #Web3.0 #dWeb #ActivityPub #Microblogging #Fédération
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- D'abord la pratique, et ensuite la théorie : Les leçons de la Petite École Zapatiste, après 20 ans d'existance. · The Octect Press
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D'abord la pratique, et ensuite la théorie : Les leçons de la Petite École Zapatiste, après 20 ans d'existance.
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Par Kristin Bricker, CIP Americas, 5 septembre 2013, traduit par N07070
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Lors de ma première nuit durant la visite de la Petite École Zapatiste, mon guide et son mari ont demandé si mes étudiants avaient des questions. Mes étudiants et moi-même avions déjà eu l’expérience de travailler avec les Zapatistes, nous nous sommes donc poliment limités aux questions sûres, généralement posées lors de la visite d’un territoire rebelle : des questions sur les provisions, les récoltes, les points d’eau locaux, et toutes autres questions n’ayant rien à voir avec
-l’Armée Zapatiste de Libération National (EZLN).
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Le mari de mon guide a poliment répondu à nos questions mondaines. Puis, il a dit : « Écoutez, nous sommes clandestins depuis 1983, quand l’organisation venait de se former. Nous marchions des heures durant la nuit pour organiser d’autres villes, toujours la nuit pour éviter d’éveiller la suspicion des propriétaires de plantation, et nous allions dans le maquis pour nous entraîner. Ma femme a risqué sa vie en marchant la nuit dans le maquis pour amener des sacs de tostadas aux camps pour que les insurgés aient de la nourriture durant leur entraînement. Maintenant, avez-vous d’autres questions ? »
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Mes camarades de classe et moi-même nous sommes regardé, nos yeux semblant dire « Oh, c’est ainsi que ça se passera à la Petite École Zapatiste ».
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Nos questions commencèrent ensuite à être plus sérieuses, et nos guides ainsi que leurs voisins répondirent avec enthousiasme à chacune d’elle. Histoire de mettre les choses au clair.
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Les Zapatistes ont pris la décision d’ouvrir leurs maisons à leurs sympathisants de longue date et de leur apprendre leur passé, présent, erreurs, victoires et avancées pour plusieurs raisons. Durant la Petite École, les Zapatistes ont répété qu’ils espéraient que leurs partisans pouvaient apprendre de leurs expériences.
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« L’autogestion… est possible. Nous y sommes parvenus avec quelques compañeros et compañeras, pourquoi pas avec des centaines ou des millions ? » a demandé une Zapatiste d’Oventik. « Nous espérons que vous nous direz si nos pratiques, nos expériences avec l’autogestion vous seront utiles d’une manière ou d’une autre ».
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« Beaucoup de gens pensent que ce que nous faisons, notre forme de gouvernance, est une utopie, un rêve » dit un autre Zapatiste d’Oventik. « Pour nous Zapatistes, c’est une réalité car nous le réalisons… chaque jour, à travers une pratique quotidienne depuis 19 ans. Et c’est pour cela que nous pensons que si nous nous unissons avec des millions de Mexicains, nous pouvons former notre propre manière de gouverner ». (En opposions au gouvernement actuel, ndt)
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Il y a plusieurs années, un Zapatiste m’a dit qu’ils apprenaient souvent plus de leurs erreurs que de leurs victoires. Dans cet esprit, le curriculum de la Petite École inclut des discussions brutalement honnêtes sur les erreurs commises par les Zapatistes au cours des années. Par exemple, les livres scolaires incluent une discussion franche sur la disparition de la coopérative de café Mut Vitz en 2007. Bien que la fermeture soudaine et inexpliqué de la coopérative fut ressentie jusqu’aux États-Unis et en Europe, où les torréfacteurs se sont soudainement trouvés sans une source de café zapatiste, les Zapatistes n’avaient pas expliqué les raisons de la chute de Mut Vitz jusqu’à présent.
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Dans les livres scolaires de la Petite École, Roque, un ancien membre de la coopérative et membre actuel du Conseil Autonome Municipal de San Juan, d’Oventik, révèle que la mauvaise gestion et la corruption sont les raisons de la chute de Mut Vitz. La coopérative avait engagé un consultant extérieur qui, pour des raisons inconnues aux autres membres de la coopérative, n’avait pas correctement déclaré les actifs au Trésor publique mexicain, ce qui a permis au gouvernement de saisir le compte en banque de la coopérative. Alors que Mut Vitz faisait l’objet d’un audit interne pour déterminer quelle somme d’argent non comptabilisée les membres de la coopérative avaient mis de côté pour payer les producteurs de café à crédit, attendant la vente de leur produit, le Conseil du Bon Gouvernement d’Oventik découvrit que les membres du conseil d’administration de Mut Vitz volaient de l’argent de la coopérative. Le Conseil émit un ordre d’arrestation contre les parties concernées et saisit leurs biens pour compenser l’argent volé.
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Les Zapatistes espéraient aussi utiliser leur Petite École pour mettre au clair le statut de leur Mouvement. Ils lisent la presse, et ils ont dit aux étudiants qu’ils savaient que les médias dominants annonçaient que le mouvement zapatiste était en fin de vie, qu’il avait rendu les armes, que le Subcomandante Marcos était mort d’un cancer des poumons ou qu’il avait été viré, que la Comandancia (Les leaders Zapatistes) rencontrait le « mauvais » gouvernement en secret et en acceptait des millions de pesos, et que les Zapatistes étaient des communistes refoulés, parmi d’autres accusations infondées.
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De plus, les Zapatistes ont admis qu’il y avait eu des traîtres, des compañeros qui avaient quitté l’organisation et collaboré avec le gouvernement. Comme l’a dit un militant européen à la fin de la Petite École, « Je pense qu’ils ont réalisé qu’ils en étaient à un point où les services secrets en savaient plus sur le mode de fonctionnement du gouvernement zapatiste que les camarades de la société civile les ayant soutenu, et ont donc décidé de nous montrer ce qu’ils faisaient ».
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Après tout, le gouvernement civil zapatiste, non clandestin, et les indigènes non zapatistes utilisent quotidiennement les cliniques, lesystème judiciaire, les transports publics, et d’autres services qu’il semblait impossible d’obtenir du gouvernement mexicain. En plus,n’importe quel non-Zapatiste – que ça soit le « mauvais » gouvernement ou n’importe quelle organisation zapatiste - qui veut développer une infrastructure qui passe à travers le territoire zapatiste (électricité ou routes, par exemple) doit négocier avec le « bon » gouvernement zapatiste et donc en comprendre le fonctionnement. Avec la Petite École, les Zapatistes ont officiellement et pour qu’il en soit prit note, expliqué comment leur gouvernement fonctionne exactement.
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Peut-être que l’un des plus grand bénéfices de la Petite École eut lieu durant sont organisation. Les quatre livres scolaires de la Petite École, Gouvernement Autonome, Partie I et II, La participation des femmes dans le Gouvernement Autonome et Résistance Autonome, ainsi que les deux DVD accompagnant ces livres, furent créés par les Zapatistes eux-mêmes. Ces manuels sont le résultat des cinq Caracoles zapatistes (Les nœuds du gouvernement Zapatiste), au fil des voyages entrepris entre les régions pour récolter les témoignages et interviewer leurs camarades à propos de leur autogestion.
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L’approche du bas vers le haut du gouvernement zapatiste veut dire que chacun de ces Caracoles opère sous les mêmes principes de base et vers les mêmes buts, mais que leurs opérations au jour le jour diffèrent parfois singulièrement. Par exemple, chaque Caracol se compose d’un Conseil du Bon Gouvernement, la plus haute autorité de la région. Toutefois, chaque Conseil des Caracoles est organisé différemment. Une proportion importante des questions posées par les Zapatistes à leurs camarades dans la portion des manuels sur les interviews gravitait autour de leurs expériences, échecs et succès.
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Par exemple, un membre du Conseil d’Oventik demande à un ancien membre du Conseil de Morelia : « Est-ce que les douze membres du Conseil [de Morelia] sont capables de faire tout leur travail ? Parce qu’à Caracol II, nous sommes 28 et nous nous sentons parfois surmenés ». La réponse du Zapatiste de Morelia fut de reconnaître qu’ils se sentaient eux aussi surmenés et qu’ils avaient besoin de restructuration, sans pour autant être capables de proposer mieux jusqu’à aujourd’hui.
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Quand les Zapatistes prirent les armes au Chiapas le 1er Janvier 1994, ils désiraient leur liberté et leur autonomie. « Mais nous n’avions pas de guide ou de plan pour nous indiquer quoi faire », m’expliqua unpromoteur d’éducation zapatiste. « Pour nous, c’était d’abord la pratique, ensuite la théorie ».
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Tandis qu’une partie de l’EZLN faisait fuir de leurs plantations les riches propriétaires terriens de la campagne du Chiapas durant l’aube de la journée de l’an, d’autres contingents prirent sept villes majeurs de l’État. « Tout ce que nous avions accompli fut possible grâce à nos armes, qui ouvrirent le chemin sur lequel nous marchons aujourd’hui » explique un Zapatiste d’Oventik dans un DVD de la Petite École. « [Depuis lors], chacune de nos réalisations, nous l’avons concrétisée sans tirer un coup de feu ».
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Immédiatement après le soulèvement, les Zapatistes mirent en place un gouvernement autonome au niveau des villes. Chaque cité nomma ses autorités locales et forma une assemblée. « Mais vu que nous étions en guerre, nous perdions sans arrêt des autorités locales » explique Lorena, un promoteur/ organisateur ?? de santé publique de San Pedro de Michoacan dans La Realidad. « Il y avais du chaos dans les communautés ». Comme mesure de prévention, le commandement militaire de l’EZLN dût entrer en piste et endosser des rôles que les autorités civiles n’étaient pas capable d’assumer durant le chaos de la guerre.
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Le commandement militaire tint des consultations avec les autorités civiles, et d’un commun accord, mit en place des municipalités autonomes dans le but d’établir l’ordre et un gouvernement civil dans les territoires rebelles. En décembre 1994, les Zapatistes inaugurèrent 38 municipalités autonomes dans un nombre inconnu de villes. Chaque municipalité avait son propre conseil nommé par les villes, ce qui permit une meilleur coordination entre les villes et une plus grande organisation formelle et des affaires civiles.
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-Une patrouille de combattants zapatiste dans la forêt du Chiapas.
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Alors que des militants solidaires arrivaient en territoire zapatiste pour apporter leur soutien financier et faire don de leur travail, le commandement de l’EZLN réalisa que certaines municipalités recevaient plus de soutien que d’autres, plus isolées. « Suivant l’ordre du [Commandant], le conseil municipal se réunit et commença à superviser l’avancement des municipalités, combien de soutien chacune recevait, et quels projets étaient réalisés » m’expliqua Dorotea, un ancien membre du Conseil du Bon Gouvernement de La Realidad.
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En 1997, les Zapatistes formalisèrent les assemblés municipales en créant l’Association des Municipalités Autonomes formée de représentants de chaque municipalité. « Avec l’association des municipalités, des tâches et du travail de la santé, de l’éducation, et du commerce furent supervisées », se rappelle Doroteo. « Durant ce temps, un entrepôt de biens secs fut crée … dans l’idée d’apporter un soutien [économique] aux travailleurs à pleins temps de l’hôpital [zapatiste] de San José del Rio ».
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Durant la création de l’Association des Municipalités Autonomes, les Zapatistes redistribuèrent formellement les terres qui avaient été saisies durant le soulèvement de 1994. Les sans-terres zapatistes partirent de leurs communautés de naissance pour s’installer sur les terres récupérées, qu’ils pouvaient finalement appeler la leur, réalisant la maxime du héros Emiliano Zapata : « La Terre à ceux qui la travaillent ! »
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En 2003, les Zapatistes ont inauguré le troisième niveau de leur gouvernement autonome, les cinq Conseils Du Bon Gouvernement, situé à La Realidad, Oventik, La Garrucha, Morelia et Roberto Barrios. Néanmoins, l’organisation de plus haut niveau de gouvernement ne veut pas dire que les Zapatistes s’éloignent d’une démocratie directe à travers des assemblés locales. Au contraire, toutes les propositions doivent être approuvées par les assemblées des villes.
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Les propositions émanent des assemblées des villes et remontent dans les différents niveaux du gouvernement autonome si elles concernent plus que la ville de laquelle elles proviennent. Chaque proposition passe par le conseil municipal, qui transmet ensuite les propositions approuvées au Conseil du Bon Gouvernement, qui à son tour les faits suivre à son Commandement, qui va ensuite renvoyer la proposition dans les cinq conseils du Bon Gouvernement. Une fois avalisées, ces propositions sont retournées aux conseils municipaux, qui les relaient aux différentes villes pour consultation et mise en œuvre.
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Le Commandement peut aussi élaborer ses propres propositions et les transmettre aux trois niveaux du gouvernement citoyen pour consultation et mise en œuvre. De fait, même si les Conseils du Bon Gouvernement sont les plus hautes autorités du gouvernement autonome, ils n’ont aucune autorité pour créer des lois. Les conseils sont cantonnés à leurs deux rôles principaux : coordonner et promouvoir le travail dans leurs régions, imposer et effectuer l’application des lois et des mandats zapatistes qui ont été approuvés par le peuple.
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Parce que les Zapatistes ont construit leur gouvernement de bas en haut, que les individus se sont organisés dans des assemblés de communautés, qui sont à leur tour organisées en conseils municipaux, qui, eux, sont sous-jacents aux cinq conseils du Bon Gouvernement, chaque Caracol est différent. Tous travaille à l’application des principes zapatistes : La terre, un toit, la santé, l’éducation, le travail, la nourriture, la justice, la démocratie, la culture, l’indépendance, la liberté et la paix. Toutefois, les progrès réalisés par les Zapatistes dans la mise en œuvre de ces principes varient d’un Caracol à l’autre. Certains Caracoles, tel celui de La Garrucha, ont des projets économiques collectifs comme des boutiques ou l’élevage de bovins pour financer les activités politiques dans chacun des trois niveaux de gouvernement; d’autres Caracoles, comme celui d’Oventik, ont seulement des projets économiques collectifs dans certaines de leurs villes.
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Globalement, les méthodes et le succès de l’application du Droit Révolutionnaire Des Femmes varient. Morelia, par exemple, rencontre des difficultés quant à la promotion de la participation des femmes dans les plus hauts niveaux du gouvernement autonome. Toutefois, Morelia est unique parmi les Caracoles parce que sa Commission d’Honneur et de Justice (l’équivalent du système de justice) a un plan spécial pour les affaires en lien avec les viols, qui vise à réduit la victimisation des femmes et les encourage à dénoncer leurs agressions.
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Beaucoup ont parlé des récentes mobilisations zapatistes, telle celle du 21 Décembre 2012, la marche silencieuse et la création de la Petite École, comme d’une résurgence zapatiste. La Petite École mit une chose en avant : ce n’était pas une résurgence, parce que les Zapatistes n’avaient jamais disparu. Durant la petite école, les étudiants ont appris de la création, qui semble sans fin, de nouvelles coopératives, des expériences zapatistes dans la gouvernance collective, en amélioration constante, et comment les donations de leurs sympathisants ont été investies dans un stock de vivres et des entrepôts pour qu’ils puissent payer des dividendes qui servirons sur le long terme à payer le budget des hôpitaux et des cliniques.
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La leçon du jour de la Petite École est claire : si les Zapatistes ne parlent pas à la presse, ne faites pas l’erreur de penser que c’est parce qu’ils sont en perte de vitesse ou qu’ils disparaissent… Ils sont simplement en train de travailler très dur pour l’avancement de leur autonomie, et n’ont pas le temps d’entendre les critiques de leurs ennemis.
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Après tout, leur succès se mesure en avancées et non pas en rhétorique. Comme l’a dit un Zapatiste à la fin de la Petite École à Oventik, « Nous démontrons au mauvais gouvernement que nous ne voulons pas de lui, n’en n’avons pas besoin, et qu’il n’est pas nécessaire pour que nous puissions subvenir à nous-même ».
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Kristin Bricker est une journaliste mexicaine . Elle contribue au Programme américain CIP.
As I came out of The Green Fairy, my neighbordhood’s associative coffee shop, I was hit by a ray of light, and needed to stop for a few seconds. I’d spent the night drinking, some home-made beer a friend had been brewing for the past months, and let me tell you, it was one of the finest beer I had recently. The sweet aromas of orange and cinammon were very welcome, but now I had to pay their price.
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Thankfully, this coffe shop is my little retreat. It’s not really a coffe shop actually, every one that comes in takes turns in opening and taking care of it, but nobody will serve you here. You can find couches, a kitchen, and it’s up to you too make your food and stuff. I can stay there as long as I want, and usually just sit on a chair in the courtyard behind the building, listing to the birds sing, the sound of the water and people discussing around me. In winter, the brick walls stay dry and warm, birds come for refuge, chirping as the sun rises.
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Anyways, today I wasn’t able to stay all afternoon as I usually do. I needed to see my friend Jules. He had gathered with a few friends to reopen a old building downtown, and they where starting to put a hydroponic system in place to grow their own food. There first though was to connect to the water grid and use a pump to bring water, but we wanted a better and more autonomous system.
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During my time in France, I had the chance to come across a collective that wanted to open-source agriculture, and try to simplify the tech we use. I learned a few things about punching holes in PVC and bamboo pipes. But today, I was gonna be useful, even without a drill.
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When I was 5, my grand parents bought me and my sister a bike for christmas. It had litte wheels on the side, and I went around the house and the garden with a big smile. The day after, we went to the closest parc, and since then I haven’t come off my bike’s saddle.
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I started walking toward the docks, only a few minutes away. I left my bike there last night, cause I wasn’t really able to ride it, if you see what I mean. I turned left on Proudhon street, and I arrived in front of a big warehouse. You could see a huge painting on the facade : a bicycle wheel with plants and flowers growing around it, painted by a crew of local artists and squatters, a few years back. Behind a big door, Mike was waiting for me. Mike’s a cool guy. He’s part of a collective who lends small four-wheel bikes with trunks to move stuff around. The solar panels on the roof power the electric batteries, so even people that aren’t very strong can move their cats and dogs around in the city. While I was lost in my thoughts, Mike slid the door open in front of me.
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As I passed through the door, everybody went silent. Mike looked at me, eyes wide open, and stared for what felt like an eternity. He started laughing, laughing so hard that everybody followed, and I was dazzeld as to what was happening.
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“You didn’t take a shower last night did you ? ” He asked.
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“Well, no, I didn’t have time, why ? ”
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“Go look at yourself in the mirrow”, he said, in tears.
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Fuck. My friends drew a huge fish, right in the middle of my forhead, again. The’re getting better at drawing fish, I thought, as I was cleaning my face.
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Mike told me to come see him in the back of the warehouse as I was whiping off the last bits of ink. He had prepared my ride for the day. I had the black-and-white stripped trike ! It also had a big eye painted on the back, which I always found funny because it made me think of the way some butterflies have “eyes” on there wings to scare birds. We painted the eye to scare cars !
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“As always, you’ll need to bring it back and service it with Thapelo, they’ll be the one in charge this afternoon…”
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“No worries Mike, you know how I drive !”
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“Yes that’s what worries me…”
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I took the keys of the trike, and said goodbye to everyone. I pressed on the pedal as I started to roll.
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I left the docks with my trike, and decided to take the bike lanes on the side of the river. The trees shade most the ride from the sun, and delicatly brush in the wind. I always like to see people rowing and swim, now that the rivers are clean. I never though I would of seen that one day, but it took only three years to get clean, and fish have now started to come back.
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I followed the river until I got to the new communal center, made a turn, and rode further into the city. As I arrived near the 20th district market, I stopped, and parked by bike.
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I heard that a new bamboo pipe shippement had arrived, and I wanted to get a few for the hydroponics system. I also wanted to go see the gardener’s corner to get a few seeds and, if I could find it, a hop plant. I’ve got a projet brewing in my mind for that one.
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The market in itself was in a huge hall, made of cast iron. It was all painted red, in rememberance of the blood people spilled building it at the time. It had a glass roof that provided a lot of sun all year round, and in the winter, big curtains of vibrant colors where put up during a small festival in the first week of november. Every family, collective and there friends make the curtains and restore the old one during the party, and at night it becomes a huge music-hall… I love this place, sometimes when I go through it, I can almost hear last year’s music in the back of my head. I was arriving to the building section of the market.
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Indeed the bamboo pipes had arrived. I took a few, and asked if someone wanted to help me move them to my trike. A young person smoking a cigarette told me that they would be there in a minute. I offered to teach them how to make a herbal cigarette with minth and hazelnut leaves in exchange.
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Moving the pipes was the easy part. We just took each pipe on each side, and stacked them on the roof. I was wondering if the tryke could hold the weight, but what really worried me was hitting someone while turning. I guess a small red cloth will do the trick, I hope…
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Once the pipes where loaded, we sat down. I had a small bag of smoking herbs, and handed them a small batch. It was a 70% hazelnut and 30% minth mix, but I explained you could mix it to your taste. We shared a cigarette and went each our ways.
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Now, for the best part of my day : the gardener’s corner. It’s filled with the most exotic plants, and, among other things, you can find a few herborists that have some of the best teas to cure the worst hangovers. At the entrance, you can spot a big pot of boiling water, where you can make yourself tea. I went to exchange a usb key for a few herbs.
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I took my usual, and asked around for a hop plant. An old woman, who traveled half the world after feeling her home in rural East Asia told me about a Berliner that had a few plants she grew in her garden. My german wasn’t that good, but I managed to update her computer in exchange for two hops and a morning glory.
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After loading all of that in my trike, I pedaled to the building my friends had opened. It was an old, grey building that was once home to a horrible police departement. When the last officer of the city gave his gun back, the bulding closed, and nobody wanted to do anything with it. Until recently. It wasn’t very welcoming, but flowers were starting to bloom all over it… The parking had been destroyed and upgraded to a garden. My morning glories where soon going to be climing all over the walls. Someone was playing guitar and children where learning how to make a wind turbine.
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As I unloaded the pipes, Jules shouted at me from the roof : “There you are ! We thought that you got lost in the gardener’s market again !”
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“Not today ! Come help me bring all of this upstairs instead of standing in front of my sunshine !” I shouted back jockingly.
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Bringing the pipes up to the roof was not easy, even with ropes. They were pretty heavy, but they especially moved around so much that we nearly smashed a window. It took us the best of an hour.
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Once all of the pipes were on the roof, we started measuring them to fit the water irrigation system we designed. Two buildings next to ours had big tarpaulins that fed into pipes, that connected to a big water tank on our roof. The system could store quite a bit of water, which would be good enough for most of the year. From that tank, we needed to bring water to the different parts of the roof, and the different plants.
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Naseem, a friend of Jules, had studied electric-less water control systems and came up with something truly ingenious : a small black glass contraption. When it’s heated by the sun, it creates a void that pumps up water from the tank into a Pythagorean cup system. Gravity then pumps water by itself. It took me some time to understand exactly how it worked, it seemed like magic for me.
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When it’s raining, no need for water, and went it’s cold, it takes more time for water to evaporate, so it’s fool-proof year-round.
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The difficulty lied in calibrating the system, and that’s what took most of the evening. It was interruped by a water battle and a few water bombs from the kids downstairs, but we fought back with water guns !
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As the sun went down, we started to feel tired. The sun had been shining all day, but the LEDs were now starting to turn on, and it was becoming harded to see what we where doing… I headed to the cellar where a few jars of grass, a welcoming present from the couple down the street. When I came back up, everybody had stopped working. I offered everybody to have a joint, and someone brought out a guitar. Why is there always a guitar ?! The barbecue was well under way, and everybody needed to rest a little before eating.
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I climed to the top of the water tank, and, as I was sparking up, I admired the sky, where the setting sun had drawn big orange strays.
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-Une patrouille de combattants zapatiste dans la forêt du Chiapas.
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